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Sanitary Pad Materials: Composition and Properties

Sanitary pads are essential hygiene products used by millions of women worldwide. Understanding the materials used in their construction is crucial for both consumers and manufacturers. This article explores the composition and properties of sanitary pad materials, shedding light on their functionality, comfort, and environmental impact.

Core Components of Sanitary Pad Materials

The modern sanitary pad is a sophisticated product composed of multiple layers, each serving a specific purpose:

  • Top Layer (Cover Stock): Directly contacts the skin, typically made from non-woven polypropylene or perforated plastic film for quick absorption and dryness

  • Absorbent Core: The central layer composed of wood pulp (fluff pulp) and superabsorbent polymers (SAP) that locks in moisture

  • Back Sheet: A waterproof layer usually made of polyethylene or polypropylene to prevent leaks

  • Adhesive Strip: Pressure-sensitive glue that keeps the pad in place on underwear

Detailed Material Properties

1. Top Layer Materials

The top layer is designed for comfort and rapid fluid transfer. Non-woven fabrics dominate this application due to their:

  • Soft texture that prevents skin irritation

  • Breathability that reduces heat and moisture buildup

  • Quick-drying surface that maintains a dry feel

Recent innovations include organic cotton tops for sensitive skin and antimicrobial treatments to reduce odor.

2. Absorbent Core Components

The core represents the technological heart of the pad. Modern cores combine:

  • Fluff Pulp: Processed wood fibers that provide bulk absorption capacity

  • Superabsorbent Polymers (SAP): Sodium polyacrylate crystals that can absorb 30-60 times their weight in fluid

The ratio of these materials determines the pad’s absorption capacity and thickness. High-performance ultrathin pads use more SAP (up to 70% of core weight) while maintaining slim profiles.

3. Back Sheet Technologies

Back sheets must balance several properties:

  • Complete fluid barrier

  • Breathability to prevent skin maceration

  • Flexibility for comfort during movement

Microporous films have largely replaced traditional plastic sheets, allowing vapor transmission while blocking liquids. Some premium products use plant-based plastics from sugarcane as eco-friendly alternatives.

Emerging Material Innovations

The sanitary products industry is undergoing significant material transformations:

Biodegradable Options

New plant-based materials are challenging traditional synthetics:

  • Bamboo fiber tops with natural antimicrobial properties

  • Cornstarch-based back sheets that decompose faster

  • Organic cotton cores for chemical-sensitive users

Smart Material Integration

Cutting-edge developments include:

  • Phase-change materials that regulate temperature

  • Odor-neutralizing compounds embedded in fibers

  • PH-balancing surfaces to maintain vaginal health

Performance Considerations

Material selection directly impacts

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