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Geoengineering—deliberate large-scale human manipulation of the climate as a way to mitigate soaring CO2 emissions—is a technological path towards further climate chaos with potentially disastrous consequences, a new study warns.

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Researchers from Germany’s Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel published the findings, which echo other studies’ warnings of geoengineering, in the journal Nature Communications.

Using computer simulations to look at the long-term global consequences of several climate engineering methods, the researchers found that these methods could provide only minor benefits to reducing global warming but could spark severe side effects.

The study looked at five widely discussed strategies: reducing incoming solar radiation through atmospheric aerosols or mirrors, ‘greening’ large desert areas in North Africa and Australia by wide-scale tree planting, and three different ways to manipulate the ocean including ocean alkalinization.

“All of the methods have unintended side effects,” the authors found, and are relatively ineffective—less than 8 percent—at reducing warming in comparison to the expected trajectory of CO2 emissions.

The afforestation technique, in fact, could make warming worse.